Applied anatomy and physiology

What are the four main components of blood?

• •Arteries, veins, capillaries and plasma
• •Haemoglobin, fibrin, plasma and lymph
• •Oxygen, carbon dioxide, glucose and platelets
• ✓Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets and plasma

What is the formula for cardiac output?

• •MAP × TPR
• ✓SV × HR
• •TV × RR
• •VO2 max ÷ HR

In Edexcel terminology, what is the phosphocreatine system?

• •Aerobic system converting glucose to ATP using oxygen
• ✓High-intensity anaerobic system using stored phosphocreatine for energy
• •Lactic acid system producing ATP from glycolysis over several minutes
• •System using fat stores to generate ATP for low-intensity exercise

What is a fixator muscle?

• ✓A muscle that stabilises a joint so the agonist can work effectively
• •Muscle that assists the prime mover to produce movement
• •Opposing muscle that lengthens as the agonist contracts
• •Prime mover generating the main force during a joint action

What happens to the diaphragm during inspiration?

• ✓It contracts and flattens, increasing the volume of the thorax
• •It contracts laterally, pushing the lungs outward during inhalation
• •It relaxes and moves upwards, reducing thoracic cavity volume
• •It stays flat and stationary while the intercostals do all the work

Which part of the skeleton includes the skull, vertebral column and ribcage?

• •The appendicular skeleton
• ✓The axial skeleton
• •The peripheral skeleton
• •The structural skeleton